Solar-hydrogen house combines new, old
Relying on the sun: Justing Kramers, project director for the Florida State University zero emission house, enters a solar-powered house in Tallahassee, 
On sunny days, solar panels power the zero-emission house at Florida State University in Tallahassee. TALLAHASSEE, Fla. -- The elevated floor, tall ceilings, steeply pitched roof and broad overhangs are borrowed from the traditional "cracker house" that relied on shade and air movement for relief from Florida's sultry subtropical climate. A pair of magnolia trees, dark red siding, ceiling fans, bamboo flooring and rustic wooden beams salvaged from a Georgia barn add to the inviting atmosphere of the little house in the middle of Florida State University's brick-and-mortar campus. It may look like an out-of-place throwback, but the $575,000 Off-Grid, Zero Emissions Building -- OGZEB -- has a futuristic purpose. Its mission is to test potential solutions to the world's energy and climate change problems by combining old tricks with cutting-edge technology, including a unique solar-hydrogen experiment. Burning hydrogen 
Another innovative feature is how the hydrogen is used. Besides a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity, the gas is burned in the kitchen range; other appliances may follow. "It's more efficient to combust hydrogen," Kramer said. It also burns cleanly, emitting only water vapor and heat.
The problem is conventional appliances are designed for heavier natural gas and propane. They must be modified to safely burn hydrogen. In a joint effort with the Viking Range Corp., Florida State researchers are transforming the house's kitchen stove. One step was to narrow the range-top jets, because hydrogen packs more punch than natural gas. It burns straight up instead of radiating, so "you can actually hold your hand to the side of the flame for extended periods of time," Kramer said. That also means hydrogen won't work in the radiant-heat oven. It's going to be converted to a convection oven that uses fans to circulate the heat. Gas-burning refrigerators that once were fairly common have become rare for household use, but most recreational vehicles still have small propane versions. The house now has an electric refrigerator, but Kramer said the goal is to replace it with one powered by hydrogen, solar-heated water or both. Key hydrogen components are housed under the building in a concrete block and steel blast room. "We've all seen the Hindenburg," Kramer said. "Goodness, that has brought all kinds of fun to my life as a hydrogen researcher." Hydrogen power may be the ultimate goal, but it could take decades to perfect. In the meantime, the house is being used to demonstrate other technologies that can be applied right now or in just a few years. Besides photo voltaic panels producing electricity, the roof has a solar hot water array, an older but efficient technology. Simple light shelves under the upper windows reflect incoming sunshine and spread it evenly to avoid hot spots. Other energy-saving technologies include a reflective roof, dual-flush toilets and recycled material. "What we're trying to do is create the building of tomorrow with a lot of the feel of today," said project manager Justin Kramer. "If nobody wanted to live in it, what's the point?" Like a 19th-century cracker house, there are no power lines. Solar panels are one of the few hints the two-bedroom home is not a relic. Solar panels have been popping up on rooftops around the country, in part because of an expanded federal subsidy that pays for 30 percent of the cost. States, including Florida, offer additional tax credits and incentives that drive down the cost. With Florida State's off-grid house, part of the electrical energy the panels produce is used to turn water into hydrogen for power when the sun isn't shining. Dedicated in August, OGZEB has a couple of small offices, but most of the interior, including an expansive living-dining-kitchen area, is strictly residential. Graduate students, staffers and VIPs will take turns living there to give old and emerging technologies alike a real-world tryout. "If it's not being lived in and used, we're not getting good data," Kramer said. An idea with power Similar experiments are being done elsewhere, but what sets Florida State's effort apart from most is the building's reliance on hydrogen for power at night and on cloudy or rainy days. Hydrogen is a potential low-cost alternative to batteries because storage tanks for the lighter-than-air gas are comparatively simple and cheap. "It's a viable concept that they are demonstrating," said Yogi Goswami, co-director of the Clean Energy Research Center at the University of South Florida. "For hydrogen, the problem is the cost of production. It's usually high. If they are going to reduce that cost, that's moving in the right direction." Florida State scientists think they have a solution, Kramer said. They've developed a way to use relatively cheap and common metals to replace platinum, a critical but rare and high-priced element that makes hydrogen from water electrolysis devices expensive. Perfecting that technology is going to take more time and money, so the house is starting with an off-the-shelf version that uses traditional platinum electrodes, Kramer said. To make a sufficient amount of hydrogen, the house needs a hefty array of photo voltaic solar panels. source: http://www.newsobserver.com/business/story/117533.html |
